Tanzanian manufacturing performance in comparative perspective

This paper presents a summary of new estimates of employment, nominal and real GDP in Tanzanian Manufacturing, 1961-1995. Time series of GDP and employment are placed in comparative perspective by linking them to benchmark level comparisons of GDP and employment for 1989. The first part of the paper (sections 2-4) deals with adjustments to nominal GDP, based on in depth analysis of the data of the 1989 industrial census, earlier census data and industrial surveys. Adjustments are made for undercoverage, omitted establishments, non-response and conceptual adjustments in the concept of value added. After adjustment, nominal manufacturing value added in establishments with 10 is substantially higher. The adjustments vary from 3% in 1978 to 127% in 1988. On average the upward adjustment is 52 per cent. New consistent time series of nominal GDP are presented both for aggregate 10+ manufacturing (1961-1995) and for six branches of manufacturing (1965-1995) The second part of the paper (section 5) focuses on the construction of a consistent long term index of industrial production, using weighted quantity relatives. The index is constructed for aggregate 10+ manufacturing and six branches. Corresponding indices of employment are derived, using the same adjustments for undercoverage, omitted establishments and non-response as in the case of GDP. The third section of the paper (section 6) presents a benchmark comparison of real value added relative to world manufacturing productivity leader, the USA. The benchmark uses average unit value ratio’s to convert value added for purposes of real comparisons. These unit value ratio’s are derived from the industrial census product listings in Tanzania and the USA, according to the industry of origin methodology of the international comparisons of output and productivity project (ICOP). Census listings contain quantity and value information, which are used to make product matches. In 1965 comparative labour productivity in aggregate manufacturing was around 9 per cent of the US level. It increased until 1973 to 11 per cent, followed by a long period of decline. By 1989 labour productivity stood at 3.7 of the US level.

An approach to metal fatigue

Cumulative fatigue damage based on investigation of fatigue limit associated with crack, crack propagation rate, and stress interaction cycle in metal

Nonhypnotic low-dose etomidate for rapid correction of hypercortisolaemia in cushing's syndrome

We determined the adrenostatic potential of low-dose nonhypnotic etomidate in six patients with Cushing's syndrome (ectopic Cushing's syndrome,n=2; Cushing's disease,n=3; bilateral adrenal adenoma,n=1). Etomidate was given as a continuous infusion for 32 h in a dose of 2.5 mg/h (n=5) or 0.3 mg/kg/h (n=3), respectively. Saline was given during a control period. The responsiveness to exogenous ACTH was studied during placebo and 7 and 31 h after commencing etomidate by administration of 250 µg 1–24 ACTH i.v. Etomidate (2.5 mg/h) led to a consistent decrease in serum cortisol in all patients from a mean of 39.4±13.3 to 21.1±5.7 µg/dl after 7 h (P<0.05 compared with placebo). After 24 h cortisol was reduced further to a mean steady state concentration of 12.3±5.7 µg/dl (P<0.05). At the end of the infusion period the cortisol increase in response to ACTH was reduced but not abolished. In contrast, a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/h etomidate induced unresponsiveness of serum cortisol to exogenous ACTH within 7 h. However, sedation was observed in two out of three patients at this dose, while during etomidate in a dose of 2.5 mg/h no side effects were seen. We conclude that low-dose non-hypnotic etomidate reduces serum cortisol to within the normal range in patients with Cushing's syndrome. The possibility to dissociate the adrenostatic effect of etomidate from its hypnotic action, the absence of side effects, and the i.v. route suggest that etomidate in a dose of 0.04–0.05 mg/kg/h may become the drug of choice for rapid initial control of hypercortisolism

Electron spin resonance on a 2-dimensional electron gas in a single AlAs quantum well

Direct electron spin resonance (ESR) on a high mobility two dimensional electron gas in a single AlAs quantum well reveals an electronic $g$-factor of 1.991 at 9.35 GHz and 1.989 at 34 GHz with a minimum linewidth of 7 Gauss. The ESR amplitude and its temperature dependence suggest that the signal originates from the effective magnetic field caused by the spin orbit-interaction and a modulation of the electron wavevector caused by the microwave electric field. This contrasts markedly to conventional ESR that detects through the microwave magnetic field.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

FAKTOR2: A Code to Simulate Collective Effects of Electrons and Ions

A new code for computing multiple effects of nonrelativistic charges is being developed. The basic method is electrostatic Particle in Cell. The underlying grid is rectangular and locally homogeneous. At regions of interest, eg. where the beam is, or near material boundaries, the mesh is refined recursively. The motion of the macroparticles is integrated with an adapted time step. Fast particles are treated with a smaller time step, and particles in regions of fine grids are also treated with a fine time step. The position of collision of particles with material boundaries are accurately resolved. Secondary particles are then created according to user specified yield functions